INTRODUCTION:

Oral health is integral to overall well-being, influencing an individual's physical, social, and psychological dimensions. The state of one's oral health not only affects the ability to chew and speak but also plays a significant role in self-esteem and quality of life. Despite advancements in dental care and increased awareness, oral health problems continue to be a global public health concern, impacting individuals of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding the prevalence and contributing factors of oral health problems is vital for developing targeted interventions and improving oral healthcare practices. In this context, the present research embarks on an exploration of oral health problems through a questionnaire-based study conducted within the confines of a local clinic Bloo Dental Solutions, at Rourkela. This research study has been conducted for about three months from August, 2023 to October, 2023. The choice of a clinic setting provides a unique opportunity to assess a diverse cross-section of the population seeking dental care. By focusing on a clinic environment, we aim to capture a snapshot of the oral health status of individuals actively seeking professional dental services, thereby gaining insights into the prevalence of oral health problems within this specific demographic.

Oral health problems encompass a wide range of conditions, from common issues like dental caries and gum disease to more complex concerns such as oral cancers. The prevalence of these problems is influenced by various factors, including individual behaviors, socioeconomic status, access to dental care, and awareness of preventive measures. While numerous studies have investigated oral health on a broader scale, a focused exploration within a clinic setting provides a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by individuals seeking dental care¹.

The rationale for conducting this study stems from the need to bridge existing gaps in our understanding of oral health problems within specific demographic segments. By employing a questionnaire-based approach, we aim to gather comprehensive data on the oral health status, dental hygiene practices, and awareness levels of individuals attending a local clinic. This research seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing insights into the factors that may contribute to the prevalence of oral health problems among clinic attendees.

The primary objectives of this research are: a) To assess the prevalence of oral health problems among patients attending a local clinic. b) To investigate the dental hygiene practices of clinic attendees, including brushing habits and the use of additional oral care measures. c) To evaluate the awareness levels of participants regarding common oral health issues and preventive measures. d) To identify potential correlations between oral health problems and demographic factors, such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status².

This research holds significance on multiple fronts. Firstly, it contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing specific insights into oral health problems within a clinic demographic. Understanding the prevalence and patterns of oral health issues in individuals seeking professional dental care enables us to tailor interventions that address the unique needs of this population. Secondly, the study's focus on dental hygiene practices and awareness levels adds depth to our understanding of the behavioral aspects influencing oral health. Identifying gaps in awareness and practices can inform the development of educational initiatives aimed at empowering individuals to take proactive measures in maintaining their oral health.

Lastly, the exploration of potential correlations between oral health problems and demographic factors provides a nuanced perspective on the multifaceted nature of oral health disparities. Recognizing these correlations can guide public health policies and interventions that target specific demographic groups, ultimately contributing to more equitable oral healthcare³.

In summary, this research seeks to advance our understanding of oral health problems within a clinic setting, offering insights that can inform targeted interventions and improve oral healthcare practices. By addressing the objectives outlined in this introduction, the study endeavors to make a meaningful contribution to the field of oral health research and public health initiatives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This research adopts a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study design to comprehensively assess oral health problems among individuals attending a local clinic. The cross-sectional approach allows for the collection of data at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of the oral health status, dental hygiene practices, and awareness levels of clinic attendees.

The study participants include individuals actively seeking dental care at Bloo Dental Solutions, a local clinic serving a diverse population. A convenience sampling method is employed, and a total of 32 participants are targeted to ensure an adequate representation of the clinic's demographic diversity. Participants are approached during their clinic visit, and voluntary informed consent is obtained before their inclusion in the study. The questionnaire is developed based on a thorough review of existing literature on oral health assessment and validated survey instruments used in similar studies^4,5.

The questionnaire comprises multiple sections designed to collect data on:

a) Demographic information: mainly age and gender,

b) Oral health status: Prevalence of oral health problems, including dental caries, chronic irreversible pulpitis, gingivitis, and etc.

c) Dental hygiene practices: Frequency of tooth brushing, regular visit to dentists, and consistency in dental care routines.

d) Awareness of oral health issues: Knowledge about common oral health problems and preventive measures taken.

e) Medication details: Details of medicines used for dental problems.

In this study, the child’s tooth extraction case, Tooth Filling, Tooth capping cases, on spot treatment and relief, incorrect patient data, have been considered under exclusion criteria⁶.

Data collection is conducted at Bloo Dental Solutions, at Rourkela, during scheduled clinic hours, for about three months’ time period i.e. from August, 2023 to October, 2023. Trained clinical practitioner approach eligible individuals in the clinic waiting area, explain the purpose of the study, and seek voluntary participation. Participants are assured of confidentiality and anonymity. Upon obtaining consent, participants are provided with the structured questionnaire to complete independently. Research assistants were available to clarify any queries and ensure that participants understand the questions. The completion of each questionnaire took approximately 15-20 minutes⁷.

This study adheres to ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent is obtained from all participants, emphasizing their right to withdraw from the study at any point without consequences. Confidentiality is maintained by assigning unique identifiers to participants, and data are stored securely. Despite rigorous methodology, this study has inherent limitations. The cross-sectional design captures a snapshot of oral health but does not provide insights into longitudinal changes⁸. The reliance on self-reported data introduces potential bias, and the use of convenience sampling may limit the generalizability of findings beyond the study population. Efforts are made to mitigate these limitations through careful questionnaire design, pre-testing, and statistical analyses^9,10.

In summary, the methodology outlined above aims to systematically assess oral health problems within a clinic setting, employing a structured questionnaire to gather data from a diverse sample of clinic attendees. The combination of quantitative data on oral health status, dental hygiene practices, and awareness levels contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing oral health in this specific demographic¹¹.

RESULT:

Out of total patient, about 46.88 % were male, and about 53.13% were female, suffering from oral health problems. The data of patient suffering from different oral diseases is being illustrated in Table 1. and Fig.1.

Table 1. Number of patients suffering from various oral diseases:

Type of diseases	Number of patients
Periapical abscess	3
Chronic dentoalveolar abscess	1
Chronic irreversible pulpitis	11
Chronic generalized gingivitis	5
Chronic generalized periodintitis	4
Deep dental caries	5
Chronic Cheek bite	1
Soft tissue trauma	1
Non vital Tooth	1

Fig. 1. Number of patients suffering from various oral diseases:

Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent commonly used in healthcare settings for its antiseptic properties. It has been widely employed in various forms, including mouthwashes, gels, and topical solutions, for different applications. The primary uses of chlorhexidine are in oral care, surgical procedures, and wound management. In this study, about 25% of patients were given Chlorhexidine mouthwash for their dental problems. In dentistry, metronidazole may be prescribed in specific situations, such as the treatment of periodontal infections or certain oral abscesses. About 21.88 % were prescribed Metronidazole for their dental problems¹².

In this study about 31.25% of patients have recovered from their dental problems in their first visit, whereas about 68.75% patients have come for second visit, and out of which in around 13.64% patients there is a medication change compared to their first visit¹³. Most commonly, Trypsin and Chymotrypsin combination have been given to the 13.64% of patients during their second visit to the clinic as Trypsin and chymotrypsin are used in oral surgery for enzymatic debridement and treating oral ulcers. Their proteolytic functions facilitate tissue removal and wound healing, necessitating professional prescription for specific clinical scenarios¹⁴.

The various age group suffering from dental problems have been illustrated in Table 2, and Fig. 2.

Table 2. Age group of patients suffering from dental problems:

Age Group (in years)	Number of Patients
10-20	1
20-30	5
30-40	12
40-50	6
50-60	4
60-70	2
70-80	2

Fig. 2. Age group of patients suffering from dental problems:

In the study, the time period of dental problem occurrence in the patients have been illustrated in Table 3. And Fig. 3. The questionnaire assessed participants' awareness of common oral health problems and preventive measures. 22.73% of participants demonstrated a lack of awareness regarding the importance of flossing and regular dental check-ups.

Table 3. Time period of dental problem occurrence in the patients

Time period of problem occurrence	Number of Patients reported
Days	1
Weeks	9
Months	17
Years	5

Fig. 3. Time period of dental problem occurrence in the patients

DISCUSSION:

The distribution of oral health problems within the clinic setting revealed a slight gender disparity, with approximately 46.88% of patients being male and 53.13% female. Interestingly, both genders demonstrated a substantial prevalence of oral health issues. The data underscore the need for gender-specific oral health interventions to address the diverse needs of the clinic population. Among the patients surveyed, approximately 25% were recommended Chlorhexidine mouthwash as part of their dental care regimen. This finding highlights the significance of incorporating antimicrobial agents like Chlorhexidine in managing oral health problems, potentially indicating a trend towards preventive measures and improved oral hygiene practices within the clinic^15,16.

In the realm of pharmaceutical interventions, the study noted that around 21.88% of patients were prescribed metronidazole for specific dental issues. Metronidazole's inclusion in treatment plans aligns with its established efficacy in addressing periodontal infections and certain oral abscesses. This suggests a targeted approach in utilizing antibiotics for cases where microbial involvement is prominent, emphasizing the importance of personalized treatment strategies.

The utilization of Chlorhexidine mouthwash and metronidazole reflects the clinic's commitment to evidence-based and tailored oral healthcare. However, the study prompts further exploration into the rationale behind prescribing specific medications and the long-term impacts on patient outcomes17. Future research could delve into the effectiveness of these interventions, potential side effects, and the development of resistance, providing valuable insights for optimizing dental care practices in the clinic setting. Overall, the findings underscore the multifaceted nature of oral health management and the importance of individualized treatment approaches in achieving optimal outcomes.

CONCLUSION:

The results underscore the need for targeted oral health education programs, emphasizing the importance of regular dental check-ups, proper dental hygiene practices, and increased awareness of preventive measures. Addressing these factors could contribute to a significant reduction in the prevalence of oral health problems within the clinic population18. This questionnaire-based study provides valuable insights into the oral health status of clinic attendees. The findings suggest a need for comprehensive oral health education and awareness campaigns to promote better dental hygiene practices and reduce the prevalence of oral health problems in the community.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflict of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The author would like to thank Bloo Dental Solutions, Chhend Colony, Rourkela, for their kind support during healthcare related research studies.

REFERENCES:

1. Venkatasalu MR, Murang ZR, Ramasamy DT, Dhaliwal JS. Oral health problems among palliative and terminally ill patients: an integrated systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2020 Dec; 20(1): 1-1.

2. Deolia SG, Kela KS, Sawhney IM, Sonavane PA, Nimbulkar G, Reche A. Evaluation of oral health care seeking behavior in rural population of central India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020 Feb; 9(2): 886.

3. John MT. Foundations of oral health‐related quality of life. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2021 Mar; 48(3): 355-9.

4. Mijiritsky E, Lerman Y, Mijiritsky O, Shely A, Meyerson J, Shacham M. Development and validation of a questionnaire evaluating the impact of prosthetic dental treatments on patients’ oral health quality of life: a prospective pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Jul; 17(14): 5037.

5. Menhadji P, Patel R, Asimakopoulou K, Quinn B, Khoshkhounejad G, Pasha P, Sanchez RG, Ide M, Kalsi P, Nibali L. Patients’ and dentists’ perceptions of tele-dentistry at the time of COVID-19. A questionnaire-based study. Journal of Dentistry. 2021 Oct 1; 113:103782.

6. Chatterjee AN, Giri B, Kar D. Research Article Adverse Drug Reactions of Commonly Used Antifungal Drugs-A Pharmacovigilance Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2022 May; 3(2): 100-5.

7. Aboalshamat KT. Awareness of, beliefs about, practices of, and barriers to teledentistry among dental students and the implications for Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 and coronavirus pandemic. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2020 Jul 1; 10(4): 431-7.

8. Anitha Rose Sunny, Anumol Varghese, Anusha Valsan, Benazeera, Asha P Shetty. Oral Health Status and Self reported Oral Hygienic Practices among School Children. Asian J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2016; 6(3): 351-355.

9. Merlin Raja Kumari. S, Rebecca Samson, Sountharya, Sivasangari, Suriyaprabha, Susindra Devi, Seventhi, Shilpa Wilson, Ravichandran. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Dental Caries among School Students in Rural Areas of Anichakuppam, Puducherry. Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2019; 9(4): 545-548.

10. Puja S. Gaikwad, Nayana V. Pimpodkar, Yogita R. Indalkar, Anita S. Godase. Role of Dental and Healthcare Professionals in Preventing Oral Cancer. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 5(4): 2015; 239-246.

11. Deepak Prashar. Three Allied Herbal Aid used in Dentistry. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2019; 9(4):288-290.

12. Harman Preet Kaur. A Pre Experimental Study to assess Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge about Dental Caries and its Prevalence among Students in Selected Schools of District Gurdaspur, Punjab. Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2017; 5(1): 83-86.

13. Somnath Chatterjee, Arindam Laha. Patients' Perception on Healthcare Services from Alternative Healthcare Institutions: Evidence from the State of West Bengal, India. Asian J. Management. 2017; 8(4): 1131-1135.

14. Harpreet Kaur, Jasbir Kaur. Hand Hygiene Practices among Staff Nurses during Drug Administration at Selected Tertiary Health Care Centre of Ludhiana, Punjab. Asian J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2015; 5(2): 199-201.

15. Kalyani Takle, Aniket Patil, Snehal Valvi, Pooja Pagare, Prashant Pacharne, Minal Chaudhari. Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on knowledge and practices regarding Dental Hygiene among schooler children of selected school’s. Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2019; 7(4): 577-580.

16. Patel Chirag J., Asija Sangeeta, Patel Pinkesh, Mangukia Dhruv, Satyanand Tyagi. Medicated Chewing Gum: A Modern Era of Novel Drug Delivery System. Research J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech. 2012; 4(6): 293-299.

17. Neha T. Nistane, C. B. Chauriya, Rahul Bangade. Medicinal Plants, against Dental associated Problems. Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech. 2019; 11(1): 10-14.

18. Manupati Prasanth, Satya Narayana Ratha. Antimicrobial Property of Herbal Toothpastes: An In-Vitro Analysis. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2014; 6(1): 30-35.

Received on 14.01.2024 Modified on 07.03.2024

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2024;16(2):90-94.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2024.00016